Use of recreational drugs within 21 days prior to the experiment day.Experience with the methods of Wim Hof or other breathing techniques.Condition or diseaseīehavioral: Hyper/hypoventilation Behavioral: Strength ventilation Based on these observations and previous studies, the investigators hypothesize that these breathing techniques account for the increased production of adrenaline and thus for the suppressed inflammatory response but it is unclear which of these two techniques is most important. These techniques resulted in intermittent hypoxia and cyclic shifts in acid-base balance. A 'hyper/hypoventilation' technique, characterized by cycles of hyperventilation followed by breath retention and a 'strength ventilation' technique consisting of deep inhalations and exhalations followed by breath holding. Interestingly, while having been taught all three techniques, during the endotoxemia experiment the trained subjects (like Hof himself) predominantly practiced the breathing exercises consisting of two different techniques. Hof himself and healthy volunteers trained by him were able to voluntarily activate the sympathetic nervous system, resulting in adrenaline release and subsequent suppression of the inflammatory response during experimental human endotoxemia (a model of systemic inflammation elicited by administration of lipopolysaccharide in healthy volunteers). Nevertheless, results from two recent studies demonstrate that this is possible through techniques developed by 'iceman' Wim Hof, namely meditation, exposure to cold, and breathing exercises. However, both the autonomic nervous system and the inflammatory response are regarded as systems that cannot be voluntarily influenced. Along these lines, endogenous modulation of sympathetic activity could limit inflammation and therefore represent a treatment modality that would empower RA patients to exert self-control over disease activity.
Adrenaline, a neurotransmitter of the autonomic sympathetic nervous system, attenuates cytokine production. Inflammatory cytokines play a pivotal role in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and innovative non-pharmacological therapies aimed at limiting cytokine production are highly warranted. Why Should I Register and Submit Results?.
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